In versions of Mac OS X before 10.11.1, the applescript:// URL scheme is provided, which opens the provided script in the Applescript Editor. Pressing cmd-R in the Editor executes the code without any additional confirmation from the user. By getting the user to press cmd-R in Safari, and by hooking the cmd-key keypress event, a user can be tricked into running arbitrary Applescript code. Gatekeeper should be disabled from Security and Privacy in order to avoid the unidentified Developer prompt.
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