The state of homograph attacks I. Background International Domain Name [IDN] support in modern browsers allows attackers to spoof domain name URLs + SSL certs. II. Description In December 2001, a paper was released describing Homograph attacks [1]. This new attack allows an attacker/phisher to spoof the domain/URLs of businesses. At the time this paper was written, no browsers had implemented Unicode/UTF8 domain name resolution. Fast forward to today: Verisign has championed International Domain Names (IDN) [2]. RACES has been replaced with PUNYCODE [3]. Every recent gecko/khtml based browser implements IDN (which is just about every browser [4] except for IE; plug-in are available [5]). III. The details Proof of concept URL: http://www.shmoo.com/idn/ Clicking on any of the two links in the above webpage using anything but IE should result in a spoofed paypal.com webpage. The links are directed at "http://www.pаypal.com/", which the browsers punycode handlers render as www.xn--pypal-4ve.com. This is one example URL - - there are now many ways to display any domain name on a browser, as there are a huge number of codepages/scripts which look very similar to latin charsets. Phishing attacks are the largest growing class of attacks on the internet today. I find it amusing that one of the large early adopters of IDN offer an 'Anti-Phishing Solution' [6]. Finally, as a business trying to protect their identity, IDN makes their life very difficult. It is expected there will be many domain name related conflicts related to IDN. Vulnerable browsers include (but are not limited to): Most mozilla-based browsers (Firefox 1.0, Camino .8.5, Mozilla 1.6, etc) Safari 1.2.5 Opera 7.54 Omniweb 5 Other comment: There are some inconsistencies with how the browsers match the host name with the Common Name (CN) in the SSL cert. Most browsers seem to match the punycode encoded hostname with the CN, yet a few (try to) match the raw UTF8 with the CN. In practice, this makes it impossible to provide 'SSL' services effectively, ignoring the fact that IE doesn't yet support them. IV. Detection There are a few methods to detect that you are under a spoof attack. One easy method is to cut & paste the url you are accessing into notepad or some other tool (under OSX, paste into a terminal window) which will allow you to view what character set/pagecode the string is in. You can also view the details of the SSL cert, to see if it's using a punycode wrapped version of the domain (starting with the string 'xn-'. V. Workaround You can disable IDN support in mozilla products by setting 'network.enableIDN' to false. There is no workaround known for Opera or Safari. VI. Vendor Responses Verisign: No response yet. Apple: No response yet. Opera: They believe they have correctly implemented IDN, and will not be making any changes. Mozilla: Working on finding a good long-term solution; provided clear workaround for disabling IDN. VII. Timeline 2002 - Original paper published on homograph attacks 2002-2005 - Verisign pushes IDN, and browsers start adding support for it Jan 19, 2005 - Vendors notified of vulnerability Feb 6, 2005 - Public disclosure @shmoocon 2005 VIII. Copyright This paper is copyright 2005, Eric Johanson ericj@shmoo.com Assistance provided by: - The Shmoo Group - The Ghetto Hackers Thank you, you know who you are. References: [1] http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~gabr/papers/homograph.html [2] http://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/naming-services/internationalized-domain-names/index.html [3] http://mct.verisign-grs.com/index.shtml [4] http://www.verisign.com/products-services/naming-and-directory-services/naming-services/internationalized-domain-names/page_002201.html#01000002 [5] http://www.idnnow.com/index.jsp [6] http://www.verisign.com/verisign-business-solutions/anti-phishing-solutions/ _______________________________________________ Full-Disclosure - We believe in it. Charter: http://lists.netsys.com/full-disclosure-charter.html