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cURL-manual.txt

cURL-manual.txt
Posted Nov 16, 2002

Defcon 10 Presentation: cURL-manual

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cURL-manual.txt

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NAME
curl - get a URL with FTP, TELNET, LDAP, GOPHER, DICT, FILE,
HTTP or HTTPS syntax.

SYNOPSIS
curl [options] [URL...]

DESCRIPTION
curl is a client to get documents/files from or send docu­

ments to a server, using any of the supported protocols
(HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, GOPHER, DICT, TELNET, LDAP or FILE). The
command is designed to work without user interaction or any
kind of interactivity.

curl offers a busload of useful tricks like proxy support,
user authentication, ftp upload, HTTP post, SSL (https:)
connections, cookies, file transfer resume and more.

URL
The URL syntax is protocol dependent. You'll find a detailed

description in RFC 2396.

You can specify multiple URLs or parts of URLs by writing
part sets within braces as in:

http://site.{one,two,three}.com

or you can get sequences of alphanumeric series by using []
as in:

ftp://ftp.numericals.com/file[1-100].txt
ftp://ftp.numericals.com/file[001-100].txt (with leading
zeros)
ftp://ftp.letters.com/file[a-z].txt

It is possible to specify up to 9 sets or series for a URL,

but no nesting is supported at the moment:

http://www.any.org/archive[1996-1999]/vol­
ume[1-4]part{a,b,c,index}.html

You can specify any amount of URLs on the command line. They
will be fetched in a sequential manner in the specified
order.

Curl will attempt to re-use connections for multiple file
transfers, so that getting many files from the same server
will not do multiple connects / handshakes. This improves

speed. Of course this is only done on files specified on a
single command line and cannot be used between separate curl
invokes.
OPTIONS
-a/--append
(FTP) When used in a ftp upload, this will tell curl to
append to the target file instead of overwriting it. If
the file doesn't exist, it will be created.

If this option is used twice, the second one will dis­
able append mode again.

-A/--user-agent <agent string>

(HTTP) Specify the User-Agent string to send to the
HTTP server. Some badly done CGIs fail if its not set
to "Mozilla/4.0". To encode blanks in the string, sur­
round the string with single quote marks. This can
also be set with the -H/--header flag of course.

If this option is set more than once, the last one will
be the one that's used.

-b/--cookie <name=data>

(HTTP) Pass the data to the HTTP server as a cookie. It
is supposedly the data previously received from the
server in a "Set-Cookie:" line. The data should be in
the format "NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2".

If no '=' letter is used in the line, it is treated as
a filename to use to read previously stored cookie
lines from, which should be used in this session if

they match. Using this method also activates the
"cookie parser" which will make curl record incoming
cookies too, which may be handy if you're using this in
combination with the -L/--location option. The file
format of the file to read cookies from should be plain
HTTP headers or the Netscape/Mozilla cookie file for­
mat.

NOTE that the file specified with -b/--cookie is only

used as input. No cookies will be stored in the file.
To store cookies, save the HTTP headers to a file using
-D/--dump-header!

If this option is set more than once, the last one will
be the one that's used.

-B/--use-ascii
Use ASCII transfer when getting an FTP file or LDAP
info. For FTP, this can also be enforced by using an
URL that ends with ";type=A". This option causes data

sent to stdout to be in text mode for win32 systems.

If this option is used twice, the second one will dis­
able ASCII usage.
--connect-timeout <seconds>
Maximum time in seconds that you allow the connection
to the server to take. This only limits the connection
phase, once curl has connected this option is of no
more use. This option didn't work in win32 systems

until 7.7.2. See also the --max-time option.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-c/--continue
Deprecated. Use '-C -' instead. Continue/Resume a pre­
vious file transfer. This instructs curl to continue
appending data on the file where it was previously
left, possibly because of a broken connection to the
server. There must be a named physical file to append

to for this to work. Note: Upload resume is depening
on a command named SIZE not always present in all ftp
servers! Upload resume is for FTP only. HTTP resume is
only possible with HTTP/1.1 or later servers.

-C/--continue-at <offset>
Continue/Resume a previous file transfer at the given
offset. The given offset is the exact number of bytes
that will be skipped counted from the beginning of the

source file before it is transfered to the destination.
If used with uploads, the ftp server command SIZE will
not be used by curl. Upload resume is for FTP only.
HTTP resume is only possible with HTTP/1.1 or later
servers.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-d/--data <data>
(HTTP) Sends the specified data in a POST request to

the HTTP server, in a way that can emulate as if a user
has filled in a HTML form and pressed the submit but­
ton. Note that the data is sent exactly as specified
with no extra processing (with all newlines cut off).
The data is expected to be "url-encoded". This will
cause curl to pass the data to the server using the
content-type application/x-www-form-urlencoded. Compare

to -F. If more than one -d/--data option is used on the
same command line, the data pieces specified will be
merged together with a separating &-letter. Thus, using
'-d name=daniel -d skill=lousy' would generate a post
chunk that looks like 'name=daniel&skill=lousy'.

If you start the data with the letter @, the rest
should be a file name to read the data from, or - if

you want curl to read the data from stdin. The
contents of the file must already be url-encoded. Mul­
tiple files can also be specified.

To post data purely binary, you should instead use the
--data-binary option.

-d/--data is the same as --data-ascii.

If this option is used several times, the ones follow­
ing the first will append data.

--data-ascii <data>

(HTTP) This is an alias for the -d/--data option.

If this option is used several times, the ones follow­
ing the first will append data.

--data-binary <data>
(HTTP) This posts data in a similar manner as --data-
ascii does, although when using this option the entire
context of the posted data is kept as-is. If you want
to post a binary file without the strip-newlines fea­

ture of the --data-ascii option, this is for you.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

If this option is used several times, the ones follow­
ing the first will append data.

-D/--dump-header <file>
(HTTP/FTP) Write the HTTP headers to this file. Write
the FTP file info to this file if -I/--head is used.

This option is handy to use when you want to store the

cookies that a HTTP site sends to you. The cookies
could then be read in a second curl invoke by using the
-b/--cookie option!

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-e/--referer <URL>
(HTTP) Sends the "Referer Page" information to the HTTP
server. This can also be set with the -H/--header flag
of course. When used with -L/--location you can append

";auto" to the referer URL to make curl automatically
set the previous URL when it follows a Location:
header. The ";auto" string can be used alone, even if
you don't set an initial referer.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

--egd-file <file>
(HTTPS) Specify the path name to the Entropy Gathering
Daemon socket. The socket is used to seed the random

engine for SSL connections. See also the --random-file
option.

-E/--cert <certificate[:password]>
(HTTPS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate
file when getting a file with HTTPS. The certificate
must be in PEM format. If the optional password isn't
specified, it will be queried for on the terminal. Note
that this certificate is the private key and the pri­
vate certificate concatenated!


If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

--cacert <CA certificate>
(HTTPS) Tells curl to use the specified certificate
file to verify the peer. The certificate must be in PEM
format.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-f/--fail
(HTTP) Fail silently (no output at all) on server

errors. This is mostly done like this to better enable
scripts etc to better deal with failed attempts. In
normal cases when a HTTP server fails to deliver a doc­
ument, it returns a HTML document stating so (which
often also describes why and more). This flag will pre­
vent curl from outputting that and fail silently
instead.

If this option is used twice, the second will again

disable silent failure.

-F/--form <name=content>
(HTTP) This lets curl emulate a filled in form in which
a user has pressed the submit button. This causes curl
to POST data using the content-type multipart/form-data
according to RFC1867. This enables uploading of binary
files etc. To force the 'content' part to be be a file,
prefix the file name with an @ sign. To just get the

content part from a file, prefix the file name with the
letter <. The difference between @ and < is then that @
makes a file get attached in the post as a file upload,
while the < makes a text field and just get the con­
tents for that text field from a file.
Example, to send your password file to the server,
where 'password' is the name of the form-field to which
/etc/passwd will be the input:


curl -F password=@/etc/passwd www.mypasswords.com

To read the file's content from stdin insted of a file,
use - where the file name should've been. This goes for
both @ and < constructs.

This option can be used multiple times.

-g/--globoff
This option switches off the "URL globbing parser".
When you set this option, you can specify URLs that
contain the letters {}[] without having them being

interpreted by curl itself. Note that these letters are
not normal legal URL contents but they should be
encoded according to the URI standard. (Option added in
curl 7.6)

-h/--help
Usage help.

-H/--header <header>
(HTTP) Extra header to use when getting a web page. You
may specify any number of extra headers. Note that if
you should add a custom header that has the same name

as one of the internal ones curl would use, your exter­
nally set header will be used instead of the internal
one. This allows you to make even trickier stuff than
curl would normally do. You should not replace inter­
nally set headers without knowing perfectly well what
you're doing. Replacing an internal header with one
without content on the right side of the colon will

prevent that header from appearing.

This option can be used multiple times.

-i/--include
(HTTP) Include the HTTP-header in the output. The HTTP-
header includes things like server-name, date of the
document, HTTP-version and more...

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable header include.

--interface <name>
Perform an operation using a specified interface. You

can enter interface name, IP address or host name. An
example could look like:
curl --interface eth0:1 http://www.netscape.com/

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-I/--head
(HTTP/FTP) Fetch the HTTP-header only! HTTP-servers
feature the command HEAD which this uses to get nothing
but the header of a document. When used on a FTP file,

curl displays the file size only.

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable header only.

--krb4 <level>
(FTP) Enable kerberos4 authentication and use. The
level must be entered and should be one of 'clear',
'safe', 'confidential' or 'private'. Should you use a
level that is not one of these, 'private' will instead
be used.


If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-K/--config <config file>
Specify which config file to read curl arguments from.
The config file is a text file in which command line
arguments can be written which then will be used as if
they were written on the actual command line. Options
and their parameters must be specified on the same con­

fig file line. If the parameter is to contain white
spaces, the parameter must be inclosed within quotes.
If the first column of a config line is a '#' charac­
ter, the rest of the line will be treated as a comment.

Specify the filename as '-' to make curl read the file
from stdin.

This option can be used multiple times.

-l/--list-only
(FTP) When listing an FTP directory, this switch forces

a name-only view. Especially useful if you want to
machine-parse the contents of an FTP directory since
the normal directory view doesn't use a standard look
or format.

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable list only.

-L/--location
(HTTP/HTTPS) If the server reports that the requested
page has a different location (indicated with the

header line Location:) this flag will let curl attempt
to reattempt the get on the new place. If used together
with -i or -I, headers from all requested pages will be
shown. If this flag is used when making a HTTP POST,
curl will automatically switch to GET after the initial
POST has been done.

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable location following.

-m/--max-time <seconds>

Maximum time in seconds that you allow the whole opera­
tion to take. This is useful for preventing your batch
jobs from hanging for hours due to slow networks or
links going down. This doesn't work fully in win32
systems. See also the --connect-timeout option.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-M/--manual
Manual. Display the huge help text.

-n/--netrc

Makes curl scan the .netrc file in the user's home
directory for login name and password. This is typi­
cally used for ftp on unix. If used with http, curl
will enable user authentication. See netrc(4) for
details on the file format. Curl will not complain if
that file hasn't the right permissions (it should not
be world nor group readable). The environment variable

"HOME" is used to find the home directory.

A quick and very simple example of how to setup a
.netrc to allow curl to ftp to the machine
host.domain.com with user name 'myself' and password
'secret' should look similar to:

machine host.domain.com login myself password secret

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable netrc usage.

-N/--no-buffer

Disables the buffering of the output stream. In normal
work situations, curl will use a standard buffered out­
put stream that will have the effect that it will out­
put the data in chunks, not necessarily exactly when
the data arrives. Using this option will disable that
buffering.
If this option is used twice, the second will again
switch on buffering.

-o/--output <file>

Write output to <file> instead of stdout. If you are
using {} or [] to fetch multiple documents, you can use
'#' followed by a number in the <file> specifier. That
variable will be replaced with the current string for
the URL being fetched. Like in:

curl http://{one,two}.site.com -o "file_#1.txt"

or use several variables like:

curl http://{site,host}.host[1-5].com -o "#1_#2"


You may use this option as many times as you have num­
ber of URLs.

-O/--remote-name
Write output to a local file named like the remote file
we get. (Only the file part of the remote file is used,
the path is cut off.)

You may use this option as many times as you have num­
ber of URLs.

-p/--proxytunnel
When an HTTP proxy is used, this option will cause non-

HTTP protocols to attempt to tunnel through the proxy
instead of merely using it to do HTTP-like operations.
The tunnel approach is made with the HTTP proxy CONNECT
request and requires that the proxy allows direct con­
nect to the remote port number curl wants to tunnel
through to.

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable proxy tunnel.

-P/--ftpport <address>

(FTP) Reverses the initiator/listener roles when con­
necting with ftp. This switch makes Curl use the PORT
command instead of PASV. In practice, PORT tells the
server to connect to the client's specified address and
port, while PASV asks the server for an ip address and
port to connect to. <address> should be one of:

interface i.e "eth0" to specify which interface's IP

address you want to use (Unix only)

IP address i.e "192.168.10.1" to specify exact IP num­
ber
host name i.e "my.host.domain" to specify machine

- (any single-letter string) to make it pick
the machine's default

If this option is used several times, the last one will be
used.

-q If used as the first parameter on the command line, the

$HOME/.curlrc file will not be read and used as a con­
fig file.

-Q/--quote <comand>
(FTP) Send an arbitrary command to the remote FTP
server, by using the QUOTE command of the server. Not
all servers support this command, and the set of QUOTE
commands are server specific! Quote commands are sent
BEFORE the transfer is taking place. To make commands

take place after a successful transfer, prefix them
with a dash '-'. You may specify any amount of commands
to be run before and after the transfer. If the server
returns failure for one of the commands, the entire
operation will be aborted.

This option can be used multiple times.

--random-file <file>
(HTTPS) Specify the path name to file containing what

will be considered as random data. The data is used to
seed the random engine for SSL connections. See also
the --edg-file option.

-r/--range <range>
(HTTP/FTP) Retrieve a byte range (i.e a partial docu­
ment) from a HTTP/1.1 or FTP server. Ranges can be
specified in a number of ways.

0-499 specifies the first 500 bytes

500-999 specifies the second 500 bytes


-500 specifies the last 500 bytes

9500 specifies the bytes from offset 9500 and for­
ward

0-0,-1 specifies the first and last byte only(*)(H)

500-700,600-799
specifies 300 bytes from offset 500(H)

100-199,500-599
specifies two separate 100 bytes ranges(*)(H)

(*) = NOTE that this will cause the server to reply with a
multipart response!


You should also be aware that many HTTP/1.1 servers do not
have this feature enabled, so that when you attempt to get a
range, you'll instead get the whole document.

FTP range downloads only support the simple syntax 'start-
stop' (optionally with one of the numbers omitted). It
depends on the non-RFC command SIZE.

If this option is used several times, the last one will be
used.

-s/--silent

Silent mode. Don't show progress meter or error mes­
sages. Makes Curl mute.

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable mute.

-S/--show-error
When used with -s it makes curl show error message if
it fails.

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable show error.

-t/--telnet-option <OPT=val>
Pass options to the telnet protocol. Supported options

are:

TTYPE=<term> Sets the terminal type.

XDISPLOC=<X display> Sets the X display location.

NEW_ENV=<var,val> Sets an environment variable.

-T/--upload-file <file>
Like -t, but this transfers the specified local file.
If there is no file part in the specified URL, Curl
will append the local file name. NOTE that you must use
a trailing / on the last directory to really prove to

Curl that there is no file name or curl will think that
your last directory name is the remote file name to
use. That will most likely cause the upload operation
to fail. If this is used on a http(s) server, the PUT
command will be used.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-u/--user <user:password>
Specify user and password to use when fetching. See

README.curl for detailed examples of how to use this.
If no password is specified, curl will ask for it
interactively.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-U/--proxy-user <user:password>
Specify user and password to use for Proxy authentica­
tion. If no password is specified, curl will ask for it
interactively.


If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

--url <URL>
Specify a URL to fetch. This option is mostly handy
when you wanna specify URL(s) in a config file.

This option may be used any number of times. To control
where this URL is written, use the -o or the -O
options.

-v/--verbose
Makes the fetching more verbose/talkative. Mostly

usable for debugging. Lines starting with '>' means
data sent by curl, '<' means data received by curl that
is hidden in normal cases and lines starting with '*'
means additional info provided by curl.

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable verbose.

-V/--version
Displays the full version of curl, libcurl and other
3rd party libraries linked with the executable.


-w/--write-out <format>
Defines what to display after a completed and success­
ful operation. The format is a string that may contain
plain text mixed with any number of variables. The
string can be specified as "string", to get read from a
particular file you specify it "@filename" and to tell
curl to read the format from stdin you write "@-".

The variables present in the output format will be sub­

stituted by the value or text that curl thinks fit, as
described below. All variables are specified like
%{variable_name} and to output a normal % you just
write them like %%. You can output a newline by using
\n, a carrige return with \r and a tab space with \t.

NOTE: The %-letter is a special letter in the
win32-environment, where all occurrences of % must be

doubled when using this option.

Available variables are at this point:

url_effective The URL that was fetched last. This is
mostly meaningful if you've told curl to
follow location: headers.

http_code The numerical code that was found in the
last retrieved HTTP(S) page.

time_total The total time, in seconds, that the

full operation lasted. The time will be
displayed with millisecond resolution.

time_namelookup
The time, in seconds, it took from the
start until the name resolving was com­
pleted.

time_connect The time, in seconds, it took from the
start until the connect to the remote

host (or proxy) was completed.

time_pretransfer
The time, in seconds, it took from the
start until the file transfer is just
about to begin. This includes all pre-
transfer commands and negotiations that
are specific to the particular proto­
col(s) involved.


size_download The total amount of bytes that were
downloaded.

size_upload The total amount of bytes that were
uploaded.

size_header The total amount of bytes of the down­
loaded headers.

size_request The total amount of bytes that were sent
in the HTTP request.

speed_download The average download speed that curl

measured for the complete download.
speed_upload The average upload speed that curl mea­
sured for the complete upload.

If this option is used several times, the last one will be
used.

-x/--proxy <proxyhost[:port]>
Use specified proxy. If the port number is not speci­
fied, it is assumed at port 1080.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.


-X/--request <command>
(HTTP) Specifies a custom request to use when communi­
cating with the HTTP server. The specified request
will be used instead of the standard GET. Read the HTTP
1.1 specification for details and explanations.

(FTP) Specifies a custom FTP command to use instead of
LIST when doing file lists with ftp.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.


-y/--speed-time <time>
If a download is slower than speed-limit bytes per sec­
ond during a speed-time period, the download gets
aborted. If speed-time is used, the default speed-limit
will be 1 unless set with -y.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-Y/--speed-limit <speed>
If a download is slower than this given speed, in bytes

per second, for speed-time seconds it gets aborted.
speed-time is set with -Y and is 30 if not set.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-z/--time-cond <date expression>
(HTTP) Request to get a file that has been modified
later than the given time and date, or one that has
been modified before that time. The date expression can

be all sorts of date strings or if it doesn't match any
internal ones, it tries to get the time from a given
file name instead! See the GNU date(1) or curl_get­
date(3) man pages for date expression details.

Start the date expression with a dash (-) to make it
request for a document that is older than the given
date/time, default is a document that is newer than the
specified date/time.


If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

-3/--sslv3
(HTTPS) Forces curl to use SSL version 3 when negotiat­
ing with a remote SSL server.

-2/--sslv2
(HTTPS) Forces curl to use SSL version 2 when negotiat­
ing with a remote SSL server.

-#/--progress-bar
Make curl display progress information as a progress
bar instead of the default statistics.


If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable the progress bar.

--crlf
(FTP) Convert LF to CRLF in upload. Useful for MVS
(OS/390).

If this option is used twice, the second will again
disable crlf converting.

--stderr <file>
Redirect all writes to stderr to the specified file
instead. If the file name is a plain '-', it is instead

written to stdout. This option has no point when you're
using a shell with decent redirecting capabilities.

If this option is used several times, the last one will
be used.

FILES
~/.curlrc
Default config file.

ENVIRONMENT
HTTP_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use for HTTP.

HTTPS_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use for HTTPS.


FTP_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use for FTP.
GOPHER_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use for GOPHER.

ALL_PROXY [protocol://]<host>[:port]
Sets proxy server to use if no protocol-specific proxy
is set.

NO_PROXY <comma-separated list of hosts>
list of host names that shouldn't go through any proxy.
If set to a asterisk '*' only, it matches all hosts.


COLUMNS <integer>
The width of the terminal. This variable only affects
curl when the --progress-bar option is used.

EXIT CODES
There exists a bunch of different error codes and their cor­
responding error messages that may appear during bad condi­
tions. At the time of this writing, the exit codes are:

1 Unsupported protocol. This build of curl has no support
for this protocol.

2 Failed to initialize.


3 URL malformat. The syntax was not correct.

4 URL user malformatted. The user-part of the URL syntax
was not correct.

5 Couldn't resolve proxy. The given proxy host could not
be resolved.

6 Couldn't resolve host. The given remote host was not
resolved.

7 Failed to connect to host.

8 FTP weird server reply. The server sent data curl
couldn't parse.


9 FTP access denied. The server denied login.

10 FTP user/password incorrect. Either one or both were
not accepted by the server.

11 FTP weird PASS reply. Curl couldn't parse the reply
sent to the PASS request.

12 FTP weird USER reply. Curl couldn't parse the reply
sent to the USER request.
13 FTP weird PASV reply, Curl couldn't parse the reply
sent to the PASV request.


14 FTP weird 227 format. Curl couldn't parse the 227-line
the server sent.

15 FTP can't get host. Couldn't resolve the host IP we got
in the 227-line.

16 FTP can't reconnect. Couldn't connect to the host we
got in the 227-line.

17 FTP couldn't set binary. Couldn't change transfer
method to binary.

18 Partial file. Only a part of the file was transfered.


19 FTP couldn't RETR file. The RETR command failed.

20 FTP write error. The transfer was reported bad by the
server.

21 FTP quote error. A quote command returned error from
the server.

22 HTTP not found. The requested page was not found. This
return code only appears if --fail is used.

23 Write error. Curl couldn't write data to a local
filesystem or similar.


24 Malformat user. User name badly specified.

25 FTP couldn't STOR file. The server denied the STOR
operation.

26 Read error. Various reading problems.

27 Out of memory. A memory allocation request failed.

28 Operation timeout. The specified time-out period was
reached according to the conditions.

29 FTP couldn't set ASCII. The server returned an unknown
reply.


30 FTP PORT failed. The PORT command failed.

31 FTP couldn't use REST. The REST command failed.

32 FTP couldn't use SIZE. The SIZE command failed. The
command is an extension to the original FTP spec RFC
959.

33 HTTP range error. The range "command" didn't work.

34 HTTP post error. Internal post-request generation
error.

35 SSL connect error. The SSL handshaking failed.


36 FTP bad download resume. Couldn't continue an earlier
aborted download.

37 FILE couldn't read file. Failed to open the file. Per­
missions?

38 LDAP cannot bind. LDAP bind operation failed.

39 LDAP search failed.

40 Library not found. The LDAP library was not found.

41 Function not found. A required LDAP function was not
found.

42 Aborted by callback. An application told curl to abort

the operation.

43 Internal error. A function was called with a bad param­
eter.

44 Internal error. A function was called in a bad order.

45 Interface error. A specified outgoing interface could
not be used.

46 Bad password entered. An error was signalled when the
password was entered.

47 Too many redirects. When following redirects, curl hit
the maximum amount.


48 Unknown TELNET option specified.

49 Malformed telnet option.

XX There will appear more error codes here in future
releases. The existing ones are meant to never change.

BUGS
If you do find bugs, mail them to curl-bug@haxx.se.
AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
Daniel Stenberg is the main author, but the whole list of
contributors is found in the separate THANKS file.

WWW
http://curl.haxx.se

FTP

ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/www/utilities/curl/

SEE ALSO
ftp(1), wget(1), snarf(1)

LATEST VERSION

You always find news about what's going on as well as the latest versions
from the curl web pages, located at:

http://curl.haxx.se

SIMPLE USAGE

Get the main page from netscape's web-server:

curl http://www.netscape.com/

Get the root README file from funet's ftp-server:

curl ftp://ftp.funet.fi/README

Get a web page from a server using port 8000:


curl http://www.weirdserver.com:8000/

Get a list of the root directory of an FTP site:

curl ftp://cool.haxx.se/

Get a gopher document from funet's gopher server:

curl gopher://gopher.funet.fi

Get the definition of curl from a dictionary:

curl dict://dict.org/m:curl

Fetch two documents at once:

curl ftp://cool.haxx.se/ http://www.weirdserver.com:8000/

DOWNLOAD TO A FILE

Get a web page and store in a local file:


curl -o thatpage.html http://www.netscape.com/

Get a web page and store in a local file, make the local file get the name
of the remote document (if no file name part is specified in the URL, this
will fail):

curl -O http://www.netscape.com/index.html

Fetch two files and store them with their remote names:

curl -O www.haxx.se/index.html -O curl.haxx.se/download.html

USING PASSWORDS

FTP

To ftp files using name+passwd, include them in the URL like:


curl ftp://name:passwd@machine.domain:port/full/path/to/file

or specify them with the -u flag like

curl -u name:passwd ftp://machine.domain:port/full/path/to/file

HTTP

The HTTP URL doesn't support user and password in the URL string. Curl
does support that anyway to provide a ftp-style interface and thus you can
pick a file like:

curl http://name:passwd@machine.domain/full/path/to/file

or specify user and password separately like in


curl -u name:passwd http://machine.domain/full/path/to/file

NOTE! Since HTTP URLs don't support user and password, you can't use that
style when using Curl via a proxy. You _must_ use the -u style fetch
during such circumstances.

HTTPS

Probably most commonly used with private certificates, as explained below.

GOPHER

Curl features no password support for gopher.

PROXY

Get an ftp file using a proxy named my-proxy that uses port 888:


curl -x my-proxy:888 ftp://ftp.leachsite.com/README

Get a file from a HTTP server that requires user and password, using the
same proxy as above:

curl -u user:passwd -x my-proxy:888 http://www.get.this/

Some proxies require special authentication. Specify by using -U as above:

curl -U user:passwd -x my-proxy:888 http://www.get.this/

See also the environment variables Curl support that offer further proxy
control.

RANGES


With HTTP 1.1 byte-ranges were introduced. Using this, a client can request
to get only one or more subparts of a specified document. Curl supports
this with the -r flag.

Get the first 100 bytes of a document:

curl -r 0-99 http://www.get.this/

Get the last 500 bytes of a document:

curl -r -500 http://www.get.this/

Curl also supports simple ranges for FTP files as well. Then you can only
specify start and stop position.


Get the first 100 bytes of a document using FTP:

curl -r 0-99 ftp://www.get.this/README

UPLOADING

FTP

Upload all data on stdin to a specified ftp site:

curl -t ftp://ftp.upload.com/myfile

Upload data from a specified file, login with user and password:

curl -T uploadfile -u user:passwd ftp://ftp.upload.com/myfile

Upload a local file to the remote site, and use the local file name remote
too:


curl -T uploadfile -u user:passwd ftp://ftp.upload.com/

Upload a local file to get appended to the remote file using ftp:

curl -T localfile -a ftp://ftp.upload.com/remotefile

Curl also supports ftp upload through a proxy, but only if the proxy is
configured to allow that kind of tunneling. If it does, you can run curl in
a fashion similar to:

curl --proxytunnel -x proxy:port -T localfile ftp.upload.com

HTTP


Upload all data on stdin to a specified http site:

curl -t http://www.upload.com/myfile

Note that the http server must've been configured to accept PUT before this
can be done successfully.

For other ways to do http data upload, see the POST section below.

VERBOSE / DEBUG

If curl fails where it isn't supposed to, if the servers don't let you
in, if you can't understand the responses: use the -v flag to get VERBOSE

fetching. Curl will output lots of info and all data it sends and
receives in order to let the user see all client-server interaction.

curl -v ftp://ftp.upload.com/

DETAILED INFORMATION

Different protocols provide different ways of getting detailed information
about specific files/documents. To get curl to show detailed information
about a single file, you should use -I/--head option. It displays all

available info on a single file for HTTP and FTP. The HTTP information is a
lot more extensive.

For HTTP, you can get the header information (the same as -I would show)
shown before the data by using -i/--include. Curl understands the
-D/--dump-header option when getting files from both FTP and HTTP, and it
will then store the headers in the specified file.

Store the HTTP headers in a separate file (headers.txt in the example):


curl --dump-header headers.txt curl.haxx.se

Note that headers stored in a separate file can be very useful at a later
time if you want curl to use cookies sent by the server. More about that in
the cookies section.

POST (HTTP)

It's easy to post data using curl. This is done using the -d <data>
option. The post data must be urlencoded.

Post a simple "name" and "phone" guestbook.

curl -d "name=Rafael%20Sagula&phone=3320780" \

http://www.where.com/guest.cgi

How to post a form with curl, lesson #1:

Dig out all the <input> tags in the form that you want to fill in. (There's
a perl program called formfind.pl on the curl site that helps with this).

If there's a "normal" post, you use -d to post. -d takes a full "post
string", which is in the format

<variable1>=<data1>&<variable2>=<data2>&...

The 'variable' names are the names set with "name=" in the <input> tags, and

the data is the contents you want to fill in for the inputs. The data *must*
be properly URL encoded. That means you replace space with + and that you
write weird letters with %XX where XX is the hexadecimal representation of
the letter's ASCII code.

Example:

(page located at http://www.formpost.com/getthis/

<form action="post.cgi" method="post">
<input name=user size=10>
<input name=pass type=password size=10>

<input name=id type=hidden value="blablabla">
<input name=ding value="submit">
</form>

We want to enter user 'foobar' with password '12345'.

To post to this, you enter a curl command line like:

curl -d "user=foobar&pass=12345&id=blablabla&dig=submit" (continues)
http://www.formpost.com/getthis/post.cgi


While -d uses the application/x-www-form-urlencoded mime-type, generally

understood by CGI's and similar, curl also supports the more capable
multipart/form-data type. This latter type supports things like file upload.

-F accepts parameters like -F "name=contents". If you want the contents to
be read from a file, use <@filename> as contents. When specifying a file,
you can also specify the file content type by appending ';type=<mime type>'
to the file name. You can also post the contents of several files in one field.

For example, the field name 'coolfiles' is used to send three files, with
different content types using the following syntax:

curl -F "coolfiles=@fil1.gif;type=image/gif,fil2.txt,fil3.html" \
http://www.post.com/postit.cgi

If the content-type is not specified, curl will try to guess from the file
extension (it only knows a few), or use the previously specified type
(from an earlier file if several files are specified in a list) or else it

will using the default type 'text/plain'.

Emulate a fill-in form with -F. Let's say you fill in three fields in a
form. One field is a file name which to post, one field is your name and one
field is a file description. We want to post the file we have written named
"cooltext.txt". To let curl do the posting of this data instead of your
favourite browser, you have to read the HTML source of the form page and find

the names of the input fields. In our example, the input field names are
'file', 'yourname' and 'filedescription'.

curl -F "file=@cooltext.txt" -F "yourname=Daniel" \
-F "filedescription=Cool text file with cool text inside" \
http://www.post.com/postit.cgi

To send two files in one post you can do it in two ways:

1. Send multiple files in a single "field" with a single field name:

curl -F "pictures=@dog.gif,cat.gif"


2. Send two fields with two field names:

curl -F "docpicture=@dog.gif" -F "catpicture=@cat.gif"

REFERRER

A HTTP request has the option to include information about which address
that referred to actual page. Curl allows you to specify the
referrer to be used on the command line. It is especially useful to
fool or trick stupid servers or CGI scripts that rely on that information
being available or contain certain data.


curl -e www.coolsite.com http://www.showme.com/

NOTE: The referer field is defined in the HTTP spec to be a full URL.

USER AGENT

A HTTP request has the option to include information about the browser
that generated the request. Curl allows it to be specified on the command
line. It is especially useful to fool or trick stupid servers or CGI
scripts that only accept certain browsers.

Example:

curl -A 'Mozilla/3.0 (Win95; I)' http://www.nationsbank.com/


Other common strings:
'Mozilla/3.0 (Win95; I)' Netscape Version 3 for Windows 95
'Mozilla/3.04 (Win95; U)' Netscape Version 3 for Windows 95
'Mozilla/2.02 (OS/2; U)' Netscape Version 2 for OS/2
'Mozilla/4.04 [en] (X11; U; AIX 4.2; Nav)' NS for AIX
'Mozilla/4.05 [en] (X11; U; Linux 2.0.32 i586)' NS for Linux

Note that Internet Explorer tries hard to be compatible in every way:
'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 4.01; Windows 95)' MSIE for W95


Mozilla is not the only possible User-Agent name:
'Konqueror/1.0' KDE File Manager desktop client
'Lynx/2.7.1 libwww-FM/2.14' Lynx command line browser

COOKIES

Cookies are generally used by web servers to keep state information at the
client's side. The server sets cookies by sending a response line in the
headers that looks like 'Set-Cookie: <data>' where the data part then
typically contains a set of NAME=VALUE pairs (separated by semicolons ';'

like "NAME1=VALUE1; NAME2=VALUE2;"). The server can also specify for what
path the "cookie" should be used for (by specifying "path=value"), when the
cookie should expire ("expire=DATE"), for what domain to use it
("domain=NAME") and if it should be used on secure connections only
("secure").

If you've received a page from a server that contains a header like:
Set-Cookie: sessionid=boo123; path="/foo";


it means the server wants that first pair passed on when we get anything in
a path beginning with "/foo".

Example, get a page that wants my name passed in a cookie:

curl -b "name=Daniel" www.sillypage.com

Curl also has the ability to use previously received cookies in following
sessions. If you get cookies from a server and store them in a file in a
manner similar to:

curl --dump-header headers www.example.com


... you can then in a second connect to that (or another) site, use the
cookies from the 'headers' file like:

curl -b headers www.example.com

Note that by specifying -b you enable the "cookie awareness" and with -L
you can make curl follow a location: (which often is used in combination
with cookies). So that if a site sends cookies and a location, you can
use a non-existing file to trigger the cookie awareness like:

curl -L -b empty.txt www.example.com


The file to read cookies from must be formatted using plain HTTP headers OR
as netscape's cookie file. Curl will determine what kind it is based on the
file contents. In the above command, curl will parse the header and store
the cookies received from www.example.com. curl will send to the server the
stored cookies which match the request as it follows the location. The
file "empty.txt" may be a non-existant file.


PROGRESS METER


The progress meter exists to show a user that something actually is
happening. The different fields in the output have the following meaning:

% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Curr.
Dload Upload Total Current Left Speed
0 151M 0 38608 0 0 9406 0 4:41:43 0:00:04 4:41:39 9287

From left-to-right:
% - percentage completed of the whole transfer

Total - total size of the whole expected transfer
% - percentage completed of the download
Received - currently downloaded amount of bytes
% - percentage completed of the upload
Xferd - currently uploaded amount of bytes
Average Speed
Dload - the average transfer speed of the download
Average Speed
Upload - the average transfer speed of the upload
Time Total - expected time to complete the operation

Time Current - time passed since the invoke
Time Left - expected time left to completetion
Curr.Speed - the average transfer speed the last 5 seconds (the first
5 seconds of a transfer is based on less time of course.)

The -# option will display a totally different progress bar that doesn't
need much explanation!

SPEED LIMIT

Curl allows the user to set the transfer speed conditions that must be met

to let the transfer keep going. By using the switch -y and -Y you
can make curl abort transfers if the transfer speed is below the specified
lowest limit for a specified time.

To have curl abort the download if the speed is slower than 3000 bytes per
second for 1 minute, run:

curl -y 3000 -Y 60 www.far-away-site.com

This can very well be used in combination with the overall time limit, so
that the above operatioin must be completed in whole within 30 minutes:


curl -m 1800 -y 3000 -Y 60 www.far-away-site.com

CONFIG FILE

Curl automatically tries to read the .curlrc file (or _curlrc file on win32
systems) from the user's home dir on startup.

The config file could be made up with normal command line switches, but you
can also specify the long options without the dashes to make it more
readable. You can separate the options and the parameter with spaces, or
with = or :. Comments can be used within the file. If the first letter on a

line is a '#'-letter the rest of the line is treated as a comment.

If you want the parameter to contain spaces, you must inclose the entire
parameter within double quotes ("). Within those quotes, you specify a
quote as \".

NOTE: You must specify options and their arguments on the same line.

Example, set default time out and proxy in a config file:

# We want a 30 minute timeout:
-m 1800
# ... and we use a proxy for all accesses:

proxy = proxy.our.domain.com:8080

White spaces ARE significant at the end of lines, but all white spaces
leading up to the first characters of each line are ignored.

Prevent curl from reading the default file by using -q as the first command
line parameter, like:

curl -q www.thatsite.com

Force curl to get and display a local help page in case it is invoked
without URL by making a config file similar to:

# default url to get

url = "http://help.with.curl.com/curlhelp.html"

You can specify another config file to be read by using the -K/--config
flag. If you set config file name to "-" it'll read the config from stdin,
which can be handy if you want to hide options from being visible in process
tables etc:

echo "user = user:passwd" | curl -K - http://that.secret.site.com

EXTRA HEADERS

When using curl in your own very special programs, you may end up needing

to pass on your own custom headers when getting a web page. You can do
this by using the -H flag.

Example, send the header "X-you-and-me: yes" to the server when getting a
page:

curl -H "X-you-and-me: yes" www.love.com

This can also be useful in case you want curl to send a different text in a
header than it normally does. The -H header you specify then replaces the
header curl would normally send. If you replace an internal header with an

empty one, you prevent that header from being sent. To prevent the Host:
header from being used:

curl -H "Host:" www.server.com

FTP and PATH NAMES

Do note that when getting files with the ftp:// URL, the given path is
relative the directory you enter. To get the file 'README' from your home
directory at your ftp site, do:

curl ftp://user:passwd@my.site.com/README

But if you want the README file from the root directory of that very same

site, you need to specify the absolute file name:

curl ftp://user:passwd@my.site.com//README

(I.e with an extra slash in front of the file name.)

FTP and firewalls

The FTP protocol requires one of the involved parties to open a second
connction as soon as data is about to get transfered. There are two ways to
do this.

The default way for curl is to issue the PASV command which causes the
server to open another port and await another connection performed by the

client. This is good if the client is behind a firewall that don't allow
incoming connections.

curl ftp.download.com

If the server for example, is behind a firewall that don't allow connections
on other ports than 21 (or if it just doesn't support the PASV command), the
other way to do it is to use the PORT command and instruct the server to
connect to the client on the given (as parameters to the PORT command) IP
number and port.


The -P flag to curl supports a few different options. Your machine may have
several IP-addresses and/or network interfaces and curl allows you to select
which of them to use. Default address can also be used:

curl -P - ftp.download.com

Download with PORT but use the IP address of our 'le0' interface (this does
not work on windows):

curl -P le0 ftp.download.com

Download with PORT but use 192.168.0.10 as our IP address to use:


curl -P 192.168.0.10 ftp.download.com

NETWORK INTERFACE

Get a web page from a server using a specified port for the interface:

curl --interface eth0:1 http://www.netscape.com/

or

curl --interface 192.168.1.10 http://www.netscape.com/

HTTPS

Secure HTTP requires SSL libraries to be installed and used when curl is
built. If that is done, curl is capable of retrieving and posting documents
using the HTTPS procotol.

Example:

curl https://www.secure-site.com


Curl is also capable of using your personal certificates to get/post files
from sites that require valid certificates. The only drawback is that the
certificate needs to be in PEM-format. PEM is a standard and open format to
store certificates with, but it is not used by the most commonly used
browsers (Netscape and MSEI both use the so called PKCS#12 format). If you
want curl to use the certificates you use with your (favourite) browser, you

may need to download/compile a converter that can convert your browser's
formatted certificates to PEM formatted ones. This kind of converter is
included in recent versions of OpenSSL, and for older versions Dr Stephen
N. Henson has written a patch for SSLeay that adds this functionality. You
can get his patch (that requires an SSLeay installation) from his site at:
http://www.drh-consultancy.demon.co.uk/


Example on how to automatically retrieve a document using a certificate with
a personal password:

curl -E /path/to/cert.pem:password https://secure.site.com/

If you neglect to specify the password on the command line, you will be
prompted for the correct password before any data can be received.

Many older SSL-servers have problems with SSLv3 or TLS, that newer versions
of OpenSSL etc is using, therefore it is sometimes useful to specify what

SSL-version curl should use. Use -3 or -2 to specify that exact SSL version
to use:

curl -2 https://secure.site.com/

Otherwise, curl will first attempt to use v3 and then v2.

To use OpenSSL to convert your favourite browser's certificate into a PEM
formatted one that curl can use, do something like this (assuming netscape,
but IE is likely to work similarly):

You start with hitting the 'security' menu button in netscape.


Select 'certificates->yours' and then pick a certificate in the list

Press the 'export' button

enter your PIN code for the certs

select a proper place to save it

Run the 'openssl' application to convert the certificate. If you cd to the
openssl installation, you can do it like:

# ./apps/openssl pkcs12 -certfile [file you saved] -out [PEMfile]


RESUMING FILE TRANSFERS

To continue a file transfer where it was previously aborted, curl supports

resume on http(s) downloads as well as ftp uploads and downloads.

Continue downloading a document:

curl -c -o file ftp://ftp.server.com/path/file

Continue uploading a document(*1):

curl -c -T file ftp://ftp.server.com/path/file

Continue downloading a document from a web server(*2):

curl -c -o file http://www.server.com/

(*1) = This requires that the ftp server supports the non-standard command
SIZE. If it doesn't, curl will say so.


(*2) = This requires that the web server supports at least HTTP/1.1. If it
doesn't, curl will say so.

TIME CONDITIONS

HTTP allows a client to specify a time condition for the document it
requests. It is If-Modified-Since or If-Unmodified-Since. Curl allow you to
specify them with the -z/--time-cond flag.

For example, you can easily make a download that only gets performed if the
remote file is newer than a local copy. It would be made like:


curl -z local.html http://remote.server.com/remote.html

Or you can download a file only if the local file is newer than the remote
one. Do this by prepending the date string with a '-', as in:

curl -z -local.html http://remote.server.com/remote.html

You can specify a "free text" date as condition. Tell curl to only download
the file if it was updated since yesterday:

curl -z yesterday http://remote.server.com/remote.html


Curl will then accept a wide range of date formats. You always make the date
check the other way around by prepending it with a dash '-'.

DICT

For fun try

curl dict://dict.org/m:curl
curl dict://dict.org/d:heisenbug:jargon
curl dict://dict.org/d:daniel:web1913

Aliases for 'm' are 'match' and 'find', and aliases for 'd' are 'define'
and 'lookup'. For example,

curl dict://dict.org/find:curl


Commands that break the URL description of the RFC (but not the DICT
protocol) are

curl dict://dict.org/show:db
curl dict://dict.org/show:strat

Authentication is still missing (but this is not required by the RFC)

LDAP

If you have installed the OpenLDAP library, curl can take advantage of it
and offer ldap:// support.

LDAP is a complex thing and writing an LDAP query is not an easy task. I do

advice you to dig up the syntax description for that elsewhere, RFC 1959 if
no other place is better.

To show you an example, this is now I can get all people from my local LDAP
server that has a certain sub-domain in their email address:

curl -B "ldap://ldap.frontec.se/o=frontec??sub?mail=*sth.frontec.se"

If I want the same info in HTML format, I can get it by not using the -B
(enforce ASCII) flag.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES


Curl reads and understands the following environment variables:

HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY, FTP_PROXY, GOPHER_PROXY

They should be set for protocol-specific proxies. General proxy should be
set with

ALL_PROXY

A comma-separated list of host names that shouldn't go through any proxy is
set in (only an asterisk, '*' matches all hosts)

NO_PROXY

If a tail substring of the domain-path for a host matches one of these

strings, transactions with that node will not be proxied.


The usage of the -x/--proxy flag overrides the environment variables.

NETRC

Unix introduced the .netrc concept a long time ago. It is a way for a user
to specify name and password for commonly visited ftp sites in a file so
that you don't have to type them in each time you visit those sites. You
realize this is a big security risk if someone else gets hold of your

passwords, so therefor most unix programs won't read this file unless it is
only readable by yourself (curl doesn't care though).

Curl supports .netrc files if told so (using the -n/--netrc option). This is
not restricted to only ftp, but curl can use it for all protocols where
authentication is used.

A very simple .netrc file could look something like:

machine curl.haxx.se login iamdaniel password mysecret

CUSTOM OUTPUT


To better allow script programmers to get to know about the progress of
curl, the -w/--write-out option was introduced. Using this, you can specify
what information from the previous transfer you want to extract.

To display the amount of bytes downloaded together with some text and an
ending newline:

curl -w 'We downloaded %{size_download} bytes\n' www.download.com

KERBEROS4 FTP TRANSFER

Curl supports kerberos4 for FTP transfers. You need the kerberos package

installed and used at curl build time for it to be used.

First, get the krb-ticket the normal way, like with the kauth tool. Then use
curl in way similar to:

curl --krb4 private ftp://krb4site.com -u username:fakepwd

There's no use for a password on the -u switch, but a blank one will make
curl ask for one and you already entered the real password to kauth.

TELNET

The curl telnet support is basic and very easy to use. Curl passes all data

passed to it on stdin to the remote server. Connect to a remote telnet
server using a command line similar to:

curl telnet://remote.server.com

And enter the data to pass to the server on stdin. The result will be sent
to stdout or to the file you specify with -o.

You might want the -N/--no-buffer option to switch off the buffered output
for slow connections or similar.

NOTE: the telnet protocol does not specify any way to login with a specified

user and password so curl can't do that automatically. To do that, you need
to track when the login prompt is received and send the username and
password accordingly.

PERSISTANT CONNECTIONS

Specifying multiple files on a single command line will make curl transfer
all of them, one after the other in the specified order.

libcurl will attempt to use persistant connections for the transfers so that
the second transfer to the same host can use the same connection that was

already initiated and was left open in the previous transfer. This greatly
decreases connection time for all but the first transfer and it makes a far
better use of the network.

Note that curl cannot use persistant connections for transfers that are used
in subsequence curl invokes. Try to stuff as many URLs as possible on the
same command line if they are using the same host, as that'll make the
transfers faster. If you use a http proxy for file transfers, practicly

all transfers will be persistant.

Persistant connections were introduced in curl 7.7.

MAILING LISTS

For your convenience, we have several open mailing lists to discuss curl,
its development and things relevant to this.

To subscribe to the main curl list, mail curl-request@contactor.se with
"subscribe <fill in your email address>" in the body.

To subscribe to the curl-library users/deverlopers list, follow the
instructions at http://curl.haxx.se/mail/


To subscribe to the curl-announce list, to only get information about new
releases, follow the instructions at http://curl.haxx.se/mail/

To subscribe to the curl-and-PHP list in which curl using with PHP is
discussed, follow the instructions at http://curl.haxx.se/mail/

Please direct curl questions, feature requests and trouble reports to one of
these mailing lists instead of mailing any individual.

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