Westpoint Security Advisory
---------------------------

Title:        Multiple Browser Cookie Injection Vulnerabilities
Risk Rating:  Low
Software:     Multiple Web Browsers
Platforms:    Unix and Windows
Author:       Paul Johnston <paul@westpoint.ltd.uk>
               assisted by Richard Moore <rich@westpoint.ltd.uk>
Date:         15 September 2004
Advisory ID#: wp-04-0001
URL:          http://www.westpoint.ltd.uk/advisories/wp-04-0001.txt
CVE:          Multiple assigned, see main text

Overview
--------

A design goal for cookies is to "prevent the sharing of session
information between hosts that are in different domains." It appears
current implementations are successful at allowing a domain to keep its
cookies private. However, multiple mechanisms have been discovered for
one domain to inject cookies into another. These could be used to
perform session fixation attacks against web applications.

Recommendations:
  * Affected browsers be patched for these vulnerabilities.
  * Web applications implement application layer mitigations for session
    fixation attacks, as described in [2].

Tested:
  Internet Explorer 6.0 for Windows 2000, all patches
  Konqueror 3.1.4 for SuSE 9.0
  Mozilla Firefox 0.9.2 for Windows 2000
  Opera 7.51 for Windows 2000


Cross-Domain Cookie Injection
-----------------------------
Vulnerable:
  Konqueror             CAN-2004-0746
  Internet Explorer     CAN-2004-0866
  Mozilla               CAN-2004-0867
Not vulnerable:
  Opera

By default, cookies are only sent to the host that issued them. There is
an optional "domain" attribute that overrides this behaviour. For
example, red.example.com could set a cookie with domain=.example.com.
This would then be sent to any host in the .example.com domain.

There is potential for abuse here, consider the case where
red.example.com sets a cookie with domain=.com. In principle this would
be sent to any host in the .com domain. However [1] requires browsers to
reject cookies where:

  "The value for the Domain attribute contains no embedded dots"

This prevents a cookie being set with domain=.com. However, this does
not extend to country domains that are split into two parts. For
example, red.example.co.uk could set a cookie with domain=.co.uk and
this will be sent to all hosts in the .co.uk domain. Mozilla follows the
RFC exactly and is vulnerable to this. Konqueror and Internet Explorer
have some further protection, preventing domains of the following forms:

  * Where the 2nd level domain is two or fewer characters, i.e. xx.yy or
    x.yy
  * Domains of the form (com|net|mil|org|gov|edu|int).yy

This does prevent .co.uk cross domain cookie injection but does not
protect all domains. For example, the following .uk domains are
unprotected:

  .ltd.uk
  .plc.uk
  .sch.uk
  .nhs.uk
  .police.uk
  .mod.uk

When testing with Opera, it appeared that browser always correctly
detected the domain. It is not immediately clear how Opera does this
check.

Example exploitation:
  1) http://example.ltd.uk/ is identified for attack. It uses the "sid"
     cookie to hold the session ID.
  2) Attacker obtains attacker.ltd.uk domain
  3) User is enticed to click link to http://attacker.ltd.uk/
  4) This site sets the "sid" cookie with domain=.ltd.uk
  5) When user logs into example.ltd.uk, they are using a sesion ID known
     to the attacker.
  6) Attacker now has a logged-in session ID and has compromised the
     user's account.

Exploitation is dependent on the user clicking an untrusted link.
However, it is fundamental to the use of the web that we do sometimes
click untrusted links. This attack can happen regardless of the use of SSL.


Cross Security Boundary Cookie Injection
----------------------------------------
Vulnerable:
  Internet Explorer     CAN-2004-0869
  Konqueror             CAN-2004-0870
  Mozilla               CAN-2004-0871
  Opera                 CAN-2004-0872

By default cookies are sent to all ports on the host that issued them,
regardless of whether SSL is in use. There is an optional "secure"
attribute that restricts sending to secure channels. This prevents
secure cookies leaking out over insecure channels. However, there is no
protection to prevent cookies set over a non-secure channel being
presented on a secure channel. In general to maintain proper boundaries
between security levels, it is necessary to defend against both attacks
  - protecting both confidentiality and integrity.

Example exploitation:
  1) https://example.com/ identified for attack, which uses "sid" cookie
     as session ID.
  2) User is enticed to click link to http://example.com/
  3) By some mechanism the attacker intercepts this request and sets the
     "sid" cookie
  4) When user logs into https://example.com/ they are using a sesion ID
     known to the attacker.
  5) Attacker now has a logged-in session ID and has compromised the
     user's account.

In addition to the user clicking an untrusted link, exploitation is
dependent on the attacker tampering with non-SSL network traffic. This
is a reasonable assumption as the purpose of SSL is to provide security
over an insecure network.


References
----------

[1] RFC2965 - HTTP State Management Mechanism
    http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2965.txt

[2] Session Fixation Vulnerability in Web-based Applications
    http://www.acros.si/papers/session_fixation.pdf

[3] Persistent Client State - HTTP Cookies
    http://www.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html

[4] Cookies and Cookie Handling in Opera 7 Explained
    http://o.bulport.com/index.php?item=55


History
-------

16 July 2004      Vulnerabilities discovered

20 July 2004      Vendors informed

20 July 2004      Mozilla bug opened

  http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342

  The discussion shows that the cross domain problem is a long standing
  known bug. However, one contibutor claimed the exploit is being used in
  the wild. Several fixes were suggested and it appears this bug will be
  addressed soon.

  No discussion of the SSL vs non-SSL problem.

21 July 2004      Opera respond

  The response explains that they take the cross domain problem
  seriously, and that they have solved it by doing a DNS lookup on the
  specified domain. Some information is available in [4].

  They also explained that they could not solve the cross security
  boundary problem without breaking standards and existing web apps.

  This problem has previously been reported as the "Cookie Monster bug"
  http://www.securiteam.com/exploits/Cookie_Monster_vulnerability.html

23 July 2004      Konqueror respond

  Explain that they intend to fix the cross domain problem by including a
  list of ccTLDs that, like .uk, require 3 dots. The domain are:

    name,ai,au,bd,bh,ck,eg,et,fk,il,in,kh,kr,mk,mt,na,
    np,nz,pg,pk,qa,sa,sb,sg,sv,ua,ug,uk,uy,vn,za,zw

  The brief discussion of the cross security boundary suggests they do
  not consider it possible to solve at this time.

23 Aug 2004       KDE Security Advisory released

  http://www.kde.org/info/security/advisory-20040823-1.txt

  KDE issue an advisory stating the cross-domain problem is fixed in KDE
  3.3. Patches are also available for older 3.x versions.

13 Sept 2004      Vendors notified of impending release

14 Sept 2004      CVE candidates assigned for other issues

15 Sept 2004      Microsoft respond

  Best practice for web sites to resist session fixation attacks is to
  change the session ID after authentication. They are looking at ways to
  address this in the browser. As this may cause compatibility issues and
  the issue is low risk, they have not commited to a timeline.

15 Sept 2004      Advisory published


Thanks
------

Many thanks to the vendors for their responses. Also, thanks to Steven
Christey for assigning CVE numbers.





-- 
Paul Johnston
Internet Security Specialist
Westpoint Limited
Albion Wharf, 19 Albion Street,
Manchester, M1 5LN
England
Tel: +44 (0)161 237 1028
Fax: +44 (0)161 237 1031
email: paul@westpoint.ltd.uk
web: www.westpoint.ltd.uk